“He had the wrong dreams. All, all wrong” – Creative Writing

In this essay I will consider the above statement and go through all the points of question related to it. I will then make an informed decision in the conclusion, as to whether or not I regard the statement as correct. To begin with it is important that we consider the relationship between Biff and his father, Willy. Both Willy's dreaming and his cruelty suggest that Willy lives in a world of his own. He seems to have unrealistic dreams of his own and his family's importance and in Biffs case he is puzzled as to why Biff is working on a farm and this leads to a great deal of conflict. Willy's views are liable to sudden change. One minute he says that Biff is ‘a lazy bum' and then he says that he ‘is not lazy'. It is clear that Biff is sensitive and caring and loves his family deeply, but at the end all he can do is to be cruel and force everyone to face the truth. This is why he reveals that he has been to prison for theft. Biff goes on to try and make Willy face reality in his terms. At one point he states quite clearly that it was his father who ‘blew me so full of hot air I could never stand taking orders from anybody' . It is the devastating statement that Biff and Willy are both ‘a dime a dozen' or very ordinary, that shatters Willy's dreams. In having an affair Willy betrays Biff's ideal image of his father to the extent that Biff labels him a ‘fake' and makes him decide not to re sit his exams in the summer in an attempt to spite his father for what he has done. Biff shows sensitivity towards his mother by not revealing the details of the affair to her, despite him having known it since he was seventeen. Willy's reason for the affair – that he is ‘lonely' and has no-one to talk to- is shown to be untrue, yet there is truth in the fact that he cannot communicate with his own family. Willy's love for his sons is heartfelt, but his ambitions for Biff seem to have little relation to his son's needs and desires. His neglect springs directly from his dreams. As a salesman Willy lives by his ability to engage in people and make them believe in him, and this carries over into Willy's private life. He even tells lies to his wife about the sales he has made to appear to be earning a great deal of money. Biff's claim his father ‘never knew who he was' and that he himself does suggests that he will move away from his father's model for success. Willy was inconsistent with his parenting. For a start he favoured Biff over Happy. Willy also tries to live through his sons by encouraging them to try and become the perfect salesman that he has always tried to be. As a result of Willy's dream Biff has lost confidence, according to happy, and Willy is partly responsible for disparaging his farm work However this could also be down to the fact that Biff doesn't know ‘what I'm supposed to want'. This could be one reason why Willy favours Biff over Happy because Happy oozes in confidence whereas Biff does not. Another reason why he favours Biff is because Biff is the only person who really knows about his father's affair, so Willy is trying to keep Biff happy. Willy's favouring of Biff over Happy, makes Happy constantly try to be like his father in order to please him. However, Willy seems concerned at the way Happy treats women, so he advises him ‘the world is like and oyster, but you don't crack it open on a mattress! The phrase means that you have to work to succeed, but also implies that going to bed with people is not a means to economic and social success. Happy insists that he is going to show that and that he is going to ‘win it' for Willy. Yet as Willy has lied to Happy about what he has been earning, Happy in unaware that competitiveness is ultimately fruitless, though it sustains the capitalist system. Willy's late brother Ben is seen by Willy as the personification of the American Dream. He started out with nothing and became rich through Diamond mines. From the way in which Willy speaks about Ben it is clear that he is in admiration of him, saying ‘That man was a genius, that man was success incarnate' Willy regrets not going to Alaska with Ben commenting, ‘What a mistake! He begged me to go. ‘ A note of despair enters when Willy says ‘The woods are burning'. This poetic metaphor recalls both the elm trees which Willy loved and the jungle where Ben made his fortune. The implication seems to be that the very land of opportunity itself is going up in smoke. However there is an ambiguity as to whether or not Ben is directly responsible for this. If he is then it would seem that Willy's admiration for his late brother would be somewhat misplaced. Bernard has accepted the realities of school, life and he tries to encourage Biff to â€Å"start studyin' maths†. Indeed it is likely that Biff would have joined Bernard if Willy had not told Biff that Bernard is ‘not well liked' so therefore will not succeed in the business world. However Willy is proved wrong as Bernard becomes a successful lawyer with impressive credentials. He is to be applauded for his down to earth approach to life because he has disregarded what Willy has said about him and done things his own way and been rewarded with success. Bernard and Biff's relationship parallels Charley and Willy's. If Bernard is the character who tries to make Biff face the reality of school life, then Charley is the one who tries to make Willy face the reality of working life. Charley is Willy's only friend and he indulges him. He offers him a job, only to have it thrown back into his face by an angry Willy. Charley can see that Willy could change his life if he wanted to: ‘I don't see no sense in it. You don't have to go on this way'. In reality the relationship between Charley and Willy is not that close. Charley sees Willy's one major floor is that he is always boasting about what might have happened and dislikes the fact that he constantly has to mention the things that he will not eventually accomplish. Linda and Willy have a strong marriage. Linda is a staunch defender of everything that Willy stands for yet she is also acutely aware of his nature: ‘I know he's not easy to get along with – nobody knows him better than me-†¦ Willy regularly confides his fears and weaknesses in Linda, such as when he tells Linda that he can see that other men who say fewer words -like charley- are better salesmen. Linda's reassurance shows how fragile Willy's self-respect is. He appears to depend on her support to survive and when she says that he is ‘idolized' by his sons we as the audience know that this is not true, yet without this reassuring statement, Willy might not be able to face the next day. Biff's dream is to continue to work on the farm away from the competitive Capitalist society in the city. Willy's dream on the other hand is to fulfil the American dream of going from rags to riches. I believe that in the end Willy decided to commit suicide because he decided that it was time for him to quit as he had failed in his attempt to fulfil the American dream. I believe that he may have decided to take, and act upon, the advice given to him by Bernard earlier in the play. Here Bernard is philosophical about success and advises Willy that giving up may sometimes be the best option. If you can't walk away he remarks, ‘that's when it's tough'. Willy may have decided that in his current predicament the best option would be to take the advice of walking away, and Willy may have taken this to mean committing suicide. Based on the analysis above I believe that it would be fair to say that Willy's dreams, were not necessarily wrong, but unrealistic and almost impossible for him to achieve because the Loman family were naturally suited to life in the countryside. So, Biff's opinion of his father is somewhat indecisive. I believe that over ambition and expectation proved to be Willy's downfall. Unfortunately Willy ended life believing that he had failed, when really he had not. He had just made the last mortgage payments on the house, and both of his sons were content in life. Willy attempted to keep to a set of moral and respectable principles in business, something which ultimately cost him dear. He did not believe in exploitation, rather he believed in common courtesy and decency. Had he not held close these principles then he would most likely have come closer to fulfilling the American dream. So in all it would seem that Willy was a tragic victim of society who was destroyed by the evils of capitalist society.

Swan Lake Response

For my additional performance viewing, I attended a dance concert at The Ohio State University. Gene's Goings was choreographed by Rodney A. Brown. Performed by a group of Ohio State dancers, Gene's Goings was brought to life at Emerson Auditorium. The piece was choreographed to Ritual Union by Little Dragon and Suite for Ma Dukes by Miguel Atwood Ferguson and Carols Ion. Overall, Gene's Goings was a Journey that used the blending of images such as planting seeds, growing, and traveling to create a story for the audience.As the story unfolded, more intricate parts were noticed. For example, there was a leader on the Journey, which was the featured soloist throughout the piece of art. She had a distinct costume on and the other dancers seemed to follow her and mimic her movements. There seemed to be female dominance on this Journey that was clearly present with only 4 males on the stage throughout the entire piece. The tribal music gave it an African feel, later emphasized by the gran d hip rotations and grounded feel to the dancing. All of this was possible due to the use of a constant flip.Along with this, the entire piece had a funky and original feel to it. The costumes worn were normal, pedestrian clothing tit lots of neon colors. The girls had a constant blue and purple pattern, which pulled everyone together and gave the piece a feeling of unity. This also brought about a very vibrant and colorful vibe. Big movements using every part of the body portrayed the group of dancers changing along the Journey and growing into new people. Once they reached their destination, they were completely new individuals.Some of the movements remained throughout the piece, but as the Journey continued, new repetitive movements were also introduced. The group of 4 men in the beginning of the piece was acting as the starting force that began the Journey. The part where they were making sounds and building off of each other's movements was the chain reaction that started the v oyage. I also noticed that they were reappearing throughout the piece. After I noticed this, I realized that they came into the choreography once a new, signature movement was introduced.This represented the next step on their Journey. In the end, once the Journey was completed, the group of travelers exited the stage with their signature hip rotations and therefore ended their Journey in a similar fashion that they started it with. Commonplace was also performed in Emerson Auditorium. This piece was choreographed by Susan Hadley in 1996. The music being danced to was Forgotten Peoples by Evolve Tourism, but performed by the Estonian Chamber Choir. The music was in a foreign language and therefore required the audience to develop their own storyline for the performance.This piece was definitely a narrative, symbolizing a ritual of women in all places and times. The costumes worn were simple, black dresses, which gave the piece a very dim and dark setting. Each dress was unique with slightly different designs, showing the individual personalities of the women in this so-called community. The designs ere extremely modest, which gave the dance somewhat of a religious feel to it. At the same time, I got the vibe of some sort of witchcraft happening, symbolic of struggle and pain occurring among the women.The group of women almost resembled a sisterhood, Journeying through struggles and supporting each other along the way. The choreography had the group of all women moving together and in complete unison at the beginning of the piece. As the dance processed, there were many more levels and formations, including a circle where a single woman would be in the center while the remaining women stood around her as support. Partnering was a big aspect of this piece as the women carried and suspended one another as an act of creating.While in this circle, movements including shaking, convulsing, and seizing were happening to represent death, sickness, abuse, and any type o f struggle that women go through. This was a very emotional part of the piece because the women carried each other and supported one another. This showed courage and belonging as no one was left out or neglected because of their problems and struggles. The movement displayed was very intricate and detailed as the women moved together on their Journey of support and love.

Special education _ Deaf_3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Special education _ Deaf_3 - Essay Example It is evident from the beginning that acquisition of sign language is usually a more technical approach than the spoken language. At an early stage, deaf children begin to practice manual babbling as opposed to vocal babbling witnessed in hearing children (Emmorey, 2002 page170 line 5). The American Sign Language (ASL) which is a natural and direct sign language is first developed among deaf infants and it later results in the production of lexical signs. It is role of the parents especially mothers to deaf children to develop and adopt lexical signs that make sense (Andrews, 2003 page 18-19 line 3-7). Mothers of deaf children begin by making signs on the bodies of their deaf children as well as molding their hands to make signs. The motor nerves in the hands deaf children developed faster hence they are able to quickly use their hands to make signs. This makes deaf children to begin their process of language acquisition earlier than hearing children. Due to their very sensitive and mature visual cortex as opposed to their auditory cortex, they are able to clearly distinguish between objects (Andrews, 2003 page 18-19 line 8-9). Hearing babies are in a position to listen and watch or view an object being displayed at the same time and this forms a key difference between them and the deaf babies. Deaf children produce what is known as baby signs while hearing children produce baby words (Meier, 2002 page 882, line 5). Owing to the fact that speech can be heard in the womb by the unborn child, it is a clear prove that mothers have a big role to play in process of developing speech among children at the pre-natal stage. It is therefore the role of mothers to ensure that their children only listen to soothing sounds that will have positive impact in their lives later in life. Mothers can influence language type among their children at a tender age and this shows why children will quickly learn the

Sense of Lost Love Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Sense of Lost Love - Essay Example The paper will take a linear narrative model, where I will start of the application process, outline the steps in the middle of the body, and end the project at the publishing phase. Section 2: The step By step Tutorial Guide The Pre-production Phase Brief The first step in the pre-production step is gathering the information and equipment or requirements needed for the application. I first of all determined the different forms of playback that will be met by the animation. Some of the delivery formats that I considered include the following: Format Resolution (pixels) Frames per Second HDTV (1080i) 1920 x1080 30 HDTV (720p) 1280 x 720 30 DVD 720 x 480 29.97 Web 480 x 320 24 PowerPoint Video 800 x 600 24-30 CD-ROM 640 x 480 24 Print image (8.5† x 11†) 2550 x 3300 N/A Retrieved from, http://www.frameworkmedia.com/pdfs/animation_process.pdf From the above table, it is clear that different formats differ in resolution requirements. I was also required to have an absolute sch edule time and a working budget range. I had to ensure that I provide a quality product in the scheduled deadline, so my aim was to decide on the design budget range prior to storyboarding. Style sheet This part of the pre-production phase included giving the details of graphic images used in my framework and motion graphic. Among the graphic images used were video footages, photographs, and illustrations to get the real image. Of significance also were PowerPoint presentations and supporting market content, prerecorded voice tracks, written narration scripts, court documents, and interviews with graphic experts to get the exact data required. It was essential to shoot video footage or take extra photographs during this period, specifically for complex procedures or animations that called for a high degree of realism and accuracy. Storyboard After I was through with the graphics details, my next step was to initiate the storyboarding procedure to establish what the actions of the gr aphics and how the animation will appear. I used various forms of storyboards, such as detailed drawings and napkin sketches, putting in mind the central visual elements at different points in the animation. In this context, I used the storyboard during the design and production step to generate all the assets and models essential for the animation. The storyboard was also necessary to ensure that all the necessities are met by the time the final animation is produced. A concept of importance that I considered was to set an approximated budget for my project before storyboarding. I used design decisions in the process to shun specifically difficult and unaffordable shots (frameworkmedia.com). Production Constructing the multimedia framework and applying the process The storyboard is now approved, and therefore the production phase sets in. My 3D dimension workflow and model is founded on Autodesk 3D max, a tool most often used in gaming and visual effects companies globally. During construction, the animation assets are modeled or drawn in a number of dimensions. I created my model from scratch in a 3d max. 3d models from the available CAD data to sped up the construction process. Finally, the 3d models illustrated the topology of the equipment that was finally animated. The degree of detail needed for the model was driven by the final resolution image and how near the camera was to the model and the

Family Business Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Family Business - Research Paper Example Critical Issues Involved Within Family Business In accordance with survey report of KPMG (2009), it has been observed that family businesses mainly deal with such features or aspects that are unique to their business. Therefore, there exist certain issues with regard to the accumulation as well as the preservation of occupational assets along with wealth by implementing and applying various measures. Family business also entails issues such as management, ownership along with governance. Succession planning, growth and progression are also pertinent issues that are being faced by family businesses. Compensation issues related with reimbursing the family members is also a matter of concern as it creates a significant extent of problem within the management of family business. Another prominent issue that depicts rivalry among family members or siblings also creates a hurdle in the growth and the development of the family business (PWC, 2012; CBIA, n.d.; ICFIB, 2009; KPMG, 2009; Mass M utual Financial Group, 2007). In the opinion of the survey report published by ICFIB (2009), it has been assessed that issues with regard to governance is a primary problem of family business. ... e selection of appropriate member for a designated position in the organizational hierarchy is at times not done which results in creating an issue with regard to fairness as well as justice. In the survey report, it has been further revealed that family businesses do not maintain or inculcate written documents concerning employment policies. Communication gap and conflicts within in-laws are issues that have been recognized through the survey in the above article (PWC, 2012; CBIA, n.d.; ICFIB, 2009; KPMG, 2009; Mass Mutual Financial Group, 2007). According to the survey report of Mass Mutual Financial Group (2007), it has been taken into consideration that labor costs, estate taxes and health care costs are certain issues that arise within family business. Furthermore, it has also been ascertained that family businesses mainly rely upon their close associates for assistance and advise which at times creates a major issue in terms of rivalry within family members. In the opinion of P WC (2012), it has been determined that in family businesses there are issues related to taxation as well as accessibility with regard to capital. According to the survey report, it has been revealed that in Finland, key issues that are being faced by family businesses include staff recruitment as well as prevailing market conditions. The reviews and the survey reports depict the current prevailing issues within family business that are affecting the growth and development of the organizations. Family businesses are executed worldwide inculcating common issues within its system (PWC, 2012; CBIA, n.d.; ICFIB, 2009; KPMG, 2009; Mass Mutual Financial Group, 2007). Mitigating Issues for Growth and Development Succession planning is a major issue within family business. In order to resolve such

Benefits And Necessity Of Bilingual Education In Schools And Essay

Benefits And Necessity Of Bilingual Education In Schools And Universities - Essay Example The broader view perceives bilingual education as the presence of double languages, and, hence, tasks for students, in an instructional environment. However, while many people think bilingual education is ineffective and unnecessary, I have discovered it to be otherwise. Critics have opined for long that bilingual education is financially beyond most foreign parents and, therefore, unnecessary. Their view has always been that the cost of educating the minority-language learners in classes undertaking bilinguals in foreign countries is more than that it requires educating students in dominant-only language programs (Crawford 71). A political view has also stated that encouraging bilingual education in universities encourages minority-language students to go against assimilation initiatives as they protest the teaching of the dominant language (Crawford 39). Although most of them are willing to live as part of mainstream society, they are not as ready to let go or alter their culture a nd native languages. This aspect is further compounded among the more informed university students who tend to associate the term â€Å"bilingual student† with uneducated or poor backgrounds as it has been stereotyped in the US or Europe (Lindholm-Leary 68). Furthermore, a public perspective of government-implemented programs on bilingual education has been of that intended to assimilate immigrants into the American culture hence, working in an opposite direction as to its intended outcome. Most foreign students are welcomed with the idea of being isolated linguistically, limiting their learning and earning potential while in foreign countries.

A Segment from the film Finding Nemo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

A Segment from the film Finding Nemo - Essay Example Finding Nemo is one of the most successful animation film blockbusters. It was released in 2003 worldwide and took the entire world by surprise. Its stunning animation, the astounding undersea sceneries, Marlin Clownfish, Nemo (Marlin's son with one fin shorter than other), Dory the Regal Tang with short-term memory loss and all other characters won the heart of every animation film lover of all ages. The film presents a fully realized underwater world with bright & attractive colors and very natural dynamics - fish/tortoise movements, hydraulics, underwater illumination effects, rigid body dynamics (like the boat movement), underwater explosions, etc. The story structure is excellent with seamless connectivity among all scenes. The film is produced by Pixar Animation Studios & Walt Disney Pictures, written by Andrew Stanton, and directed by Lee Unkrich & Andrew Stanton. The film grossed about $864.62 million worldwide in 2003 which is one of the largest revenue any animation film ev er made. Pixar Animation Studios have many such successful 3D animation films at their credit. The primary process that they follow comprises of fourteen steps:- Story Idea is Pitched, Text Treatment is carried out, Storyboards are drawn (sketches), Voice recording is carried out, the virtual reels are created on the software, the artists create the look & feel, 3D Modeling is carried out, the sets are created (using computer graphics), the shots are laid, animations & behavioral aspects are added, the sets & characters are superimposed with appropriate shading, lighting of the scenes is carried out, the final computer data is rendered and finally, the finishing touches are carried out.. They were discussing their eggs when a barracuda attacked and killed Coral and ate all the eggs except one. The only egg that survived got partially damaged as a result of the attack and Marlin promises that he will never leave it - and named it as Nemo as per the wish of his wife before death. The following scene is the introduction of the film - by Pixar Animation Studios & Walt Disney Pictures.  

Special Populations Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Special Populations - Research Paper Example This paper will research special education in the Carroll Independent School District (CISD) of Texas. The boundaries of school districts in Texas do not always align with city or county boundaries, whereby one district may occupy several cities or counties, while some of the larger cities may be divided between several school districts. Although most special education students are disproportionately English language learners, minority and the poor, the CISD indiscriminately serves 11 schools in the upper income area of Dallas, Texas. It is the largest school district to have been rated by the Texas Education Agency (TEA) as exemplary in performance, recording an exceptional zero percent dropout rate and 97 percent attendance in 2007, a rating it holds to date. CISD believes that for majority of its special education students to achieve the same standards as other students, they ought to be given specially designed support, instruction, accommodation and appropriate access as require d by the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA). Texas is among the states in America that have worked for a few decades to have all students included in their education systems. The commitment has seeped into both the provision of education serves and approaches employed in evaluating the system’s success in a bid to meet all the students’ needs. CISD believes that students with special needs deserve more than pity or protection from the high expectations associated with non-special students. They should also not be excluded from necessary assessments that indicate whether they are progressing towards the expectations as desired or not. Some of the cases that compelled CISD to address special education include intellectual disabilities; developmental disabilities; specific learning disabilities; language and speech impairments; orthopedic, hearing and visual impairments; autism; and traumatic brain injury. Special education developed following the governme nt’s growing need for involvement in education (Wilmshurst & Brue, 2010). Before the 1975 passing of the Education for All Handicapped Children Act by the federal government, special education programs had to be improved to include additional services as prescribed by the plans mandated federally. They would therefore be able to benefit from IDEA. To this end, after the Act was passed, Texas established several schools that give special care and attention to students with disabilities to help them grow intellectually, socially and emotionally. In CISD, they have schools that are specially designed and equipped to address the needs of students with learning or physical disabilities. The schools develop students’ talents and skills within caring and safe environments. This is in conformity with the provisions of IDEA that stipulate that each special needs student is given an Individualized Education Program (IEP), outlining how the schools will meet their individual need s (NCD, 1994). CISD further embraces the requirement by IDEA that special needs students must be provided with free, appropriate, public education, which should be conducted in the least restrictive environments. Special education is provided in varying degrees in schools run by the government in CISD. The settings range from the least restric

See below Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 9

See below - Essay Example ry suggests that the goodwill, moral, and political aspect of a person depends on the contract and agreement amongst a group of people within the society. Aristotle uses this theory to convince Crito to remain in prison and accept his death penalty (Anton). Philosophy describes egoism as an intrinsic factor that should emanate from within us. Aristotle includes this concept in his theory when he states that wisdom depends on our deliberate actions, emotions, and social skills. Motivation in people occurs when they develop certain interests and desires in life. Utilitarianism phenomenon suggests that most of the good things that happen in human lives result from being morally upright. In order to distinguish utilitarianism from egoism, we consider that maximization of the moral right behavior in respect to the good well of an individual as well as the others within the society. According to Kant, achieving happiness is luck and not within our power. Aristotle fails to address this iss ue. However, he suggests that both practical and theoretical concepts builds on already existing phenomenon hence one cannot develop a theory from scratch. Kant expresses the same skepticism in his theory. The feminist theory tries to prevent gender decimation. Aristotle fails to mention this concept in his work. However, his ethical definition summarizes this concept. In conclusion, Aristotle ethical theory is a master of all these theories. It summarizes all the concepts highlighted by various

Luigi Pirandello 1867-1936 War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Luigi Pirandello 1867-1936 War - Essay Example However, the real skill of Pirandello in War lies in his ability to show to the readers the actual human side of these characters, which does not understand the claims of the country and the King and which mourns and bereaves the loss of the loved ones. The message of the story is that the emotional side of the human existence is simply unaware of the artificial concepts like national pride, courage and bravery, and tends to miss and bereave the loved one’s lost to such noble sounding and lofty causes. The fat man in the story asserts that, â€Å"it is natural at their age (boys) should consider the love of their country (I am speaking of decent boys, of course) even greater than the love of us (Pirandello 109)?† While saying so, the fat man as a father sounds to be very matter of fact and committed to the larger claims of nationalism and the duty towards one’s country. While saying so, the fat man appears to be very successful in suppressing the emotional side o f his personality to support his so called loyalty towards his country. However, once â€Å"the woman in deep mourning (Pirandello 107)† poses a simple question â€Å"Then†¦ is your son really dead (Pirandello 109)?† the entire idea of national pride simply gives way. What emerges is a father who is deeply sad and disturbed at the death of his son. â€Å"†¦ At the silly, incongruous question- he suddenly realized that his son was really dead- gone forever- forever (Pirandello 109).† A simple question by a grieved mother simply unravels the hollowness inherent in the notions of country, national pride, and selfless sacrifices, to show to the readers the sad, bloody and ruthless side of war. Certainly, the claims of the country look smaller compared to the more pressing claims of the human heart. In War, Pirandello uses the third person point of view. This approach allows the writer to bring out the typical waste and tragedy of war, by extending to the r eaders an insight into the emotional confusion and anxiety of the characters. To begin with, the omniscient point of view makes the readers think that they are witnessing a simple conversation taking place in a group, during a war. Almost all the travelers in that second class carriage are shown to be talking about the young men from their families, who have been sent to the war. Yet, the very same omniscient narrator brings down these displays of patriotism and national cause, by bringing out the emotional confusion gripping the characters. All the men in the carriage try to score over each other by declaring the magnitude of sacrifices made be their family to the national cause, to be greater than others. To one gentleman’s claim that â€Å"You should thank God that your son is only leaving now for the front. Mine has been sent there the first day of the war (Pirandello 108)† the second passenger responds that â€Å"I have two sons and three nephews at the front (Pi randello 108).† In this competition for sacrifice and selflessness, these men simply seem to be unaware of the pain of losing their family members. This very emotional confusion shows how much emotionally disturbed they are. The characterization by Pirandello in the story is very appropriate and masterfully brings out the superiority of human feelings over artificial concepts of patriotism an

Children’s Technology Usage Essay Example for Free

Children’s Technology Usage Essay When was the last time you truly spent time with your child? When was the last time your child ACTUALLY talked to you? Most parents honestly can’t answer that question or have to really think about it. Children nowadays depend on technology to get them through their lives. Spending too much time glued to technology causes kids to have no human interaction skills, it exposes them to inappropriate content and most importantly it poses serious health risks. As parents it is their responsibility to put restrictions on the technology their children are using. Children who are constantly communicating via technology are losing vital human interaction skills. Vincent Nichols once stated; â€Å"Were losing social skills, the human interaction skills, how to read a persons mood, to read their body language, how to be patient until the moment is right to make or press a point. Too much exclusive use of electronic information dehumanizes what is a very, very important part of community life and living together†. (Vincent Nichols. (n.d.). BrainyQuote.com). This quote is a great summary of the future of our children. Do they know how to hold an actual conversation, how to present themselves, how to read body language? When texting you can’t tell someone’s tone of voice and you don’t have to deal with confrontation. How will children attend job interviews if they don’t know how to interact with people in person? These are the fears that every parent should have for their child. Not to mention that there is a complete absence of family time. Families now are not nearly as close as they have been in past generations. Children will lose the ability to express their feelings, they will not be comfortable talking about problems with their parents and siblings will not be as close. Limiting the amount of time that children spend with technology and enforcing technology free times will help promote family time and interaction with people. To add to the lack of human interaction skills, the amount of inappropriate con tent that can be accessed by children is endless. Parents are aware of what images there are on the internet and how easy it is to access them. Children have rather curious minds and the information they could attempt to access is endless. Most times they don’t even have to search inappropriate content; it is right in front of them through  commercials, pop up ads and friends. Everything from sexual content, to body image, to drugs and alcohol, and even to violence is out there for them to access. Putting restricts on what children search, watch and download will help limit their exposure to such content. Having access to these types of content at such young ages will cause serious health risks now and later in life. Putting restrictions on what children can view is simple to do. Most cable companies, phone providers and internet providers have guidelines and support to help parents place restrictions on what their children can search and watch. Finally, excess time spent using technology can lead to serious health risks. Often obesity is the only risk that people associate with too much time spent on technology such as video games, TV, and cell phones. However, the health risks go far beyond obesity. While it is true that too much screen time is known to decrease the amount of physical activity a child partakes in it is not the only risk. Young girls who are already self conscious of their looks can find entire internet societies that brainwash them into thinking they need to be a picture perfect twig and teach them how to become one through anorexia and bulimia. Also, dependency on technology and always being in the now causes sleep disorders, stress and anxiety. Lack of sleep can cause mood disorders and the affects of stress and anxiety in young children can carry with them into their teenage and adult years making it more difficult to recover from. Drugs and alcohol and often glorified and young teens think that they need to do them to be cool causing addiction, overdose, and even death. Making sure that their children are healthy and safe should be a parent’s main concern. Placing restrictions on technology will help ensure that their children stay alive. As parents it is their responsibility to put restrictions on the technology their children are using. What kind of future do parents want for their children? Parents now are already at a disadvantage of raising their children in an era full of technology. They have their work cut out for them to make sure that their children are not dependent on technology and that they learn human interaction skills. Keeping their children protected from the inappropriate content and ensuring that their children do not suffer from mental and physical health problems as a result of technology should be every parent’s priority. Every parent should be placing restrictions on when and what their children are using technology for. References: Vincent Nichols. (n.d.). BrainyQuote.com. Retrieved September 22, 2014, from BrainyQuote.com Web site: http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/quotes/v/vincentnic532641.html

The Impact of Technology on Society Essay Example for Free

The Impact of Technology on Society Essay The contemporary society is characterized by its intensive use of technology in all walks of life. Technology is indeed a broad concept dealing with species usage, knowledge of tools and crafts, as well as the manner in which it influences a species capacity to control its environment and adapt to it. It has aptly been termed globalization’s handmaid (World Economic Forum, 2007). Advances in communication, entertainment, medical treatments and warfare reach the airwaves as technocrats develop faster, more effective technology. Communication is faster, tasks require far fewer steps to complete thus saving time, and it is possible to relive certain experiences just by pushing a button. History has demonstrated that whenever inventions are introduced to a particular society, the society necessarily changes (Arbab, 2008). These changes may be positive or negative, depending on preexisting societal norms, beliefs and cultural practices. This is the crux of the ensuing discussion, with a bias on the world of entertainment.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   According to a study conducted by Forrester Research in the year 2000, the average American dedicates seven hours of their day watching television (Shoff, n.d.). Television is essentially a form of passive entertainment, taking out viewers’ cognitive capacity; everything is processed right in front of their eyes and there is no brain power involved (Borruso, 2005). Herein lies the big debate on the impact of television on children’s development. Their social skills are sacrificed in favor of passive entertainment. They lose out on other useful skills learned only through play and the urge to quench the innate curiosity of a child. Studies on the link between television and obesity indicate the debilitating impact of this form of entertainment on health. The stage from childhood to adolescence and early adulthood demands a high degree of self discovery. It allows individuals the opportunity to determine their talents, strengths and weaknesses. If seven hours are spent in front of the television and anther seven to eight asleep, there is hardly any time left for development. Despite the technological adroitness today’s generation possesses, they do not read, write, dive or add well. Cyber-world appears as a cocoon with these individuals focusing on entertainment.   They ignore key issues affecting mankind, their mental agility, street smarts and intelligence notwithstanding (Bauerlein, 2008). The influence of technology on entertainment has greatly fuelled the fire on instant gratification. It is possible to skip through commercials using applications like TiVo as well as select specific videos via Video on-Demand (VOD). In addition to this, cases of piracy are commonplace. With the technology available today, it is easy to compress large volumes of data and transfer it online. The one-to-many and many-to-many mode of transfer significantly exacerbates the problem of piracy. Should legal redress be sought, which elements of the distribution chain will be found culpable? In addition to this, entertainment material is fresh and plentiful, covering all imaginable genres. People are well aware of copyright laws, but conscientiously ignore them. The impulse-search-satisfaction route is the unstoppable driving force. This goes hand in hand with the ease of access attached to the Internet. Entertainment material is accessible at home, at work and on the road; practically everywhere. Many employees misuse their employers’ resources not only via quenching their thirst for entertainment, but also by misusing bandwidth in downloading extraneous material. This has been the subject of various IT-related policies with section of the public questioning an employer’s right to track employee computer usage. It boils down to the elements of ethics and codes of conduct. The discussion of technology and entertainment cannot be complete without a mention of the iPod. With respect to music, iPods makes shellac discs, vinyl records, video cassettes and compact discs appear as elements reminiscent of the Stone Age. However, these personalized digital players have created the effect of isolating individuals from the rest of the world behind white ear buds. The need to purchase entire albums died with the advent of the iTunes store as peoples could download only the desired tracks (A Technology Society, 2009). As with the every aspect of accessibility comes the question of blue movies. It seems that the billion dollar pornography industry found an efficient channel through the iPod. The Western society’s increasing tolerance of sexuality lays a foundation for pornography to find its way to mainstream media. This issue must necessarily be addressed, considering that in the United States alone, the adult entertainment industry was responsible for the generation of $2.5 billion dollars in 2004. In the month of August that year, 40% of all Internet users visit at least one adult site and 3% of all Internet traffic involved adult sites. Taking the hit rate statistics presented in the preceding paragraph, more so in relation to the speed of technological development, it will become much harder to censor pornographic content. Alex McKay, a Sex Information and Education Council of Canada research coordinator, all attempts at censorship have proved futile (Denomme, 2005). People may argue that adults have the prerogative to get involved whatever type of entertainment they please, but what about young innocent minds in their formative years? It is the society’s moral duty to guarantee proper formation of the youth. A concerned parent vocalized his opinion saying that the mass media of the day is making deliberate attempts to collapse the traditional, liberty, decency, social values that shaped America’s course (McLuhan, n.d.). He takes the argument back to the media bent on selling sensationalism. People cannot afford to ignore that when ethics and professional responsibility are categorically replaced with the yen to secure the greatest amount of advertising dollars, it is members of the public that suffer (McLuhan, n.d.). There is no question about the power the media wields over people via movies and programs. This power must necessarily be harnessed for the right purpose. The impact of technology on entertainment and society is powerful to say the least. The discussion presented indicates the need to establish strict codes of conduct, operating policies, as well as the legal implications of flouting stated procedures. Technology, in response to entertainment or otherwise, is a double edged-sword; it can either contribute to the greater good of society or lead to substantive destruction. This is where the importance of the development of well-laid out ethical standards comes in.   They serve as universal checks and balances with respect to technological operating procedures. Regardless of how powerful technology becomes, it must remain under the class of ‘aids’; human relationships must always rank higher in priority. References: A Technology Society. (2009). Has the iPod changed music? Retrieved April 3rd, 2009, from http://www.atechnologysociety.co.uk/has-ipod-changed-music.html Arbab, A. (2008, January 19). Impact of technology on society. Retrieved April 2nd,  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2009, from http://www.ideasdesk.com/2008/01/19/impact-of-technology-on  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   society/ Bauerlein, M. (2008). The dumbest generation: how the digital age stupefies young  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Americans and jeopardizes our future (or, dont trust anyone under 30). Tarcher. Borruso, S. (2005). The art of thinking – chats on logic. Paulines. Denomme, I. (2005). Video iPod a boon for porn lovers: ‘Negligible’ impact on  Ã‚  Ã‚   society, researcher predicts. Retrieved April 3rd, 2009, from  Ã‚   http://www.gazette.uwo.ca/article.cfm?section=FrontPagearticleID=462 McLuhan, M. (n.d.), Impact of computing technology on education and entertainment.  Ã‚   Retrieved April 4th, 2009, from http://pangea.tec.selu.edu/~hgildig/660695/mcluhan.pdf World Economic Forum. (2007). Technology and society: identity, community and  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   networks. Retrieved on April 3rd, 2009, from  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.weforum.org/pdf/summitreports/am2007/technology.htm

Relationship Between Welfare Policy and Healthcare in the UK

Relationship Between Welfare Policy and Healthcare in the UK I Health and Public Policy Introduction: Social Policy is public policy that relates to health, employment, poverty, education and welfare issues and focuses on social services and welfare state. Social policy is the study of social welfare and how it relates to politics and society. Social policies refer to government policies relating to welfare, social security and protection of an individual in a state and the ways in which welfare is developed and administered in a state (Hill, 1986). The principal areas of social policy aimed towards government objectives of a welfare state are: Administrative practices and policies of social services which include health, social security, education, housing, employment and community and social care Policies towards tackling social crimes, and problems with unemployment, drug abuse, disability, mental health, learning difficulties and old age Socially disadvantageous issues of race, gender, poverty and the related collective social responses and responsibilities towards these conditions The broader subject area of social policy is heavily dependent on disciplines of sociology, management, political science, philosophy, law, psychology and social work. The aims and objectives of a British Welfare State highlight the importance of well being of every individual with a range of services provided to protect people in conditions such as sickness, poverty, old age and childhood and in such a sense , welfare is more than needs fulfillment and relates to complete well being of individuals. Welfare provisions are based on humanitarian, religious, democratic or practical concerns and involve economic and social benefits such as eradication of poverty and governmental duty and social responsibility (Hill, 1986). In this essay we will deal with the relationship of welfare and social policy with health care, especially within the UK through the NHS systems and department of health. For an analysis of health and public policy within the UK we will analyze the stages of health policy, the rationale for such policies and how these policies are carried out through a health service network. Health care coverage provided worldwide is given in a comparative chart below. UK, Sweden and France is seen to have the same level of hospital and ambulatory care services with USA showing lower levels of health care services when compared with worldwide standards. Health Care and Social Policy The definition of health can be given in terms of cultural standards in which health is a standard of mental and physical well being according to a particular society and a general good health is necessary to perform mental and physical activities optimally. Health is also defined normatively as an ideal mental or physical state. Health depends on several factors such as biological factors, environmental factors, standard of living, social factors, nutrition, and psychological or emotional factors (WHO, 2005). Improving sanitation systems, providing medical care and support systems and clean water supply to prevent infectious diseases are the general responsibilities of health authorities (Jones, 1995). Inequalities in health especially in the UK can be due to poverty, or differences in social class as certain categories of people may be more aware of their health and fitness needs than certain others (Graham and Kelly, 2004). Health policy in the UK is implemented through a wide health care network provided by the Department of health and NHS. The different branches providing health care in the UK include the Hospitals which provide care to patients for both acute and long stay illnesses and provide medical facilities such as emergency treatment, psychiatric care or continuing nursing care. The governmental emphasis is to minimize all long term needs which can be considerably expensive and offer a full range of care in the hospitals providing acute services. Primary care is more basic medical treatment and refers to non-hospital care including general family practitioners and general physicians, professions ancillary to medicine and domiciliary health care such as occupational therapy (Allsop, 1995). Ambulatory care is distinct from, yet a category of hospital care as it includes primary care and day care in hospitals. Public health policy is a general care strategy including preventive medicine such as screening and health education and several areas which may not be directly linked to health services such as housing, water supply, sewage disposal, food hygiene and general poverty and employment conditions which are also factors related to health. For health of a population in a state, public health needs and related issues are very important under the health care policy at a governmental administrative level. For medical care in practice, primary care provided by primary care trusts of the NHS and services of general physicians are important at a more social level. Hospital care and medicines provided involves the highest costs for the NHS, is an important political issue for the UK government and has the highest priority for the NHS health policy implementation (Wall, 1999). Some of the Health policy objectives and strategies on health care identified by the NHS and Department of Health are given below: (NHS, 2005) Modernization Policy Primary Care Policy Secondary Care Policy Integrated Care Policy Patient Centeredness or Patient-centered Care Policy Complaints Policy Occupational Health and Safety Policy Social Services Performance Assessment Policy Information Policy Within the organizational improvement plans, the NHS health improvement modernization plans (HIMPs) involve a three year planning framework and details roles and responsibilities for the NHS primary care trusts (PCTs) and builds on the Planning and Priorities Framework (PPF) guidance issued in 2002. Within this framework PCTs are responsible for developing new Local Delivery Plans (LDPs) and any additional PCT owned local plans (NHS, 2005). The planning of Health Policies for modernization and improvement of services within the NHS consists of the following six steps that are to be maintained in every organization and community: This is given by the Department of Health official report 2003-2006: The areas of responsibility for NHS and Social services for health policy implementation are given in the table below. In terms of Primary care policy, the NHS and social care long term conditions model laid down health policies and models for long term care to cases already under NHS treatment. Some of the key objectives and targets within the Primary care policy are given as : The three levels of the Health care delivery system are given by the Department of Health as follows: DH, 2005 The NHS social care long term conditions model is given as: Source: NHS Organizational Health Policy The implications of NHSD complaints policy have been emphasized in a recent NHS report and include the following conditions Complaints Policy Implications: It has been recognized that how well the policy works depends largely on attitudes of individual members and the culture of the organization and although complaints act as potential sources of improvement of health care services, these are also indicative of the high level of dissatisfaction regarding current health care procedures. There is considerably higher level of complaints for family health services as it has been identified that in primary care services are n a small scale and informally managed and the role of individual practitioners are more important than the organizational network. Satisfactory and prompt resolution of complaints has been identified as important to improving health care services (Allsop, 1995). Three factors in particular are likely to be central to improving performance as given by the NHS and Department of Health a realization that complaints management is an explicit part of the performance  management framework. The board of every NHS organization should be held accountable for the performance of the  organization in handling complaints. And the board should ensure that: (a) all staff are  adequately trained to deal with complaints (b) staff managing complaints have adequate  administrative and technical resources and also access to managerial supervision and support; and (c) the complaints procedure is integrated into the clinical governance as well as quality framework of the organization. Consideration should be given to the development of a National Service Framework or its  equivalent for the management of complaints. (NHS, Complaints Procedure National Evaluation, 2001) The National strategy for IT and computer services help deliver an up to date medical service to its people, through the NHS information policy. Some of the strategic directions of the information policy in the health care sector include: (See in Allsop, 1995; Wall 1995; NHS 2001 report) Specifying the level of national direction given for IT by evolving and simplifying management structure and responsibilities within both the DH and NHS at regional and local levels; to deliver change quickly following an implementation approach in phases – focus at a time on quickly delivering a limited portfolio of activity, nationally,that can be built on by subsequent phases; management of increased levels of funding with clear central direction and control; a structured partnering approach with IT Industry to deliver new IT systems across the NHS; coordination, acceleration and simplification of procurements to ensure we get value for money while moving at a faster pace, and cutting down on unnecessary time and cost to the health care industry Consideration of radical outsourcing options that can add pace and value to the programme; Emphasis on changed working practices in the NHS; Benchmarking progress against best practice companies Building IT and networking connectivity, so that all staff have the access devices they need to share information; and Creating national standards for data quality and data interchange between systems at local, regional and national levels so that even the public can have access to information stored and accessed at a national level. A National Strategic Programme for Health care modernization and improvement and provisions of services in general can be given by the following architectural model provided by the Department of health: Information Health Policy – Source DH Conclusion: In this essay we discussed health care and social policy in terms of its stages of development through a three year plan and IT approach specifying levels of health care services that are provided and NHS social care through interaction of proper infrastructure, delivery strategies and desired outcomes of treatment. The focus is on reducing waiting times for emergency treatment or health services at hospitals and primary care centers. We highlighted the importance of modernization, updated IT systems, primary care services, complaints policy and patient centered care as important aspects of health policy followed by the NHS laying down strategic programmes, directions and objectives for an overall health care system as a social and public policy. In the next discussion we would examine the rationale and effectiveness of such policies within the context of political motivations and welfare objectives. II – Effectiveness of Health Policy Introduction: In this section we would examine the policies that have been implemented in the last few years within the NHS and have served as political and administrative tools both as a means of political achievement and measure of social services provisions (Batchelor, 2005). Evaluation of health policy followed by the department of health can be done by comparing target objectives with the attained levels of service. Evaluation can also be done by analyzing research studies, news reports and NHS and Department of Health annual reports on what are the specific targets that were achieved and which are the objectives that were identified and yet could not be achieved through their policies. The discussion would thus show the flaws in the health framework, the differences in aims and achievements and analyze why certain objectives could not be reached along with the strengths and weaknesses of the policies in general. According to the DH plans, ‘DH policies are designed to improve on existing arrangements in health and social care, and turn political vision into actions that should benefit staff, patients and the public’ (Department of Health, 2005). The DH notes that a DH health policy covers many areas of working including the way patients and the public receive care how NHS and social care organizations are run information technology and other facilities that support the delivery of health care. (DH, 2005) A policy is largely evaluated by three features as to whether it can be implemented quickly achieves its purpose does not create an unnecessary burden on NHS and social care staff. A policy is meant to help rather than hinder NHS working and thus it should be easy to implement, evaluate and give quick and significant results. DH Annual Reports – Targets and Progress The Target analysis given by the DH annual reports shows the targets and the extent to which the objectives have been achieved by the Department of health: the aim to transform health and social care systems so that it produces better and faster services to tackle health inequalities was emphasized along with the objective of improving health outcomes for everyone. (DH report, 2004) Target: Reduce substantially the mortality rates from major killers by 2010: from circulatory disease by at least 40% in people under 75; from cancer by at least 20% in people under 75; and from suicide and undetermined injury by at least 20%. Key to the delivery of this target will be implementing the National Service Frameworks for coronary heart disease and mental health and the NHS Cancer Plan. Measure : Death rate from circulatory disease amongst people aged under 75. Death rate from cancer amongst people aged under 75. Death rate from intentional self harm and injury of undetermined intent. Progress: A small but statistically significant increase in the number of deaths coded to cancers was identified, A small but statistically significant increase in the number of deaths coded to circulatory diseases was identified. Data for 2000-02 (3 year average) show a rate of 16.0 deaths per 100,000 population – a rise of 0.6% from the baseline (1995-97). Single year data for financial year 2001-02 show a rate of 313.9 hospital admissions per 100,000 population – a decrease of 2.3% from the baseline estimate (1995-96). A National Suicide Prevention Strategy was published in September 2002 led by the National Director for Mental Health. As this is implemented it will contribute to reducing the suicide rate. Although not statistically significant, there has been a small increase in numbers of deaths recorded to suicide and intentional self harm. 2. the second aim is to treat people with illness, disease, or injury quickly, effectively, and on the basis of need alone (DH report, 2004) Target Ensure everyone with suspected cancer is able to see a specialist within two weeks of their GP deciding they need to be seen urgently and requesting an appointment for: all patients with suspected breast cancer from April 1999, and for all other cases of suspected cancer by 2000. Measure: Percentage of patients with suspected breast cancer and other cancers able to see a specialist within 2 weeks. Progress: 99% of patients referred urgently with suspected cancer were seen within 2 weeks during July to September 2003. For the same period for breast cancer this figure stands at 98.2%. 3. a third important objective identified has been to enable people who are unable to perform essential activities of daily living, including those with chronic illness, disability or terminal illness, to live as full and normal lives as possible. Target: Improve the delivery of appropriate care and treatment to patients with mental illness who are discharged from hospital and reduce the national average emergency psychiatric re-admission rate by 2 percentage points by 2002 from the 1997-98 baseline of 14.3%. Measure: Average emergency psychiatric admission rate. Progress: Psychiatric re-admission rate in 2001-02, the last year data was collected on a readmissions within 90 day basis, was 12.7% narrowly missing the target by 0.4 percentage points. However, with the implementation of new service models such as assertive outreach, early intervention and crisis resolution, further falls in readmission rates are expected, though this might not manifest itself until after 2002-03. (DH reports, 2001) the fourth objective we have chosen for discussion is Improving patient and Carer experience of the NHS and Social Services.(DH annual report, 2004) Target: Patients will receive treatment at a time that suits them in accordance with their clinical need: two thirds of all outpatient appointments and inpatient elective admissions will be pre-booked by 2003-04 on the way to 100% pre-booking by 2005. Measure: DH monthly central data collection from January 03. Supersedes the Modernization Agency monthly project progress reports. Progress: On course: A monthly DH central data collection was introduced in January 03.The monthly data collection captures full bookings and partial bookings as they are added to the waiting list. This allows rigorous monitoring of progress towards booking milestones and targets. A Data Set Change Notice was issued in 2000 to the service in support of the new monitoring arrangements The Modernization Agency National Booking Team is assisting challenged Trusts to work towards achieving key booking milestones and targets. The Recovery and Support Unit (RSU) is also working with challenged Trusts. From April 2003, Strategic Health Authorities are responsible for managing and developing booking locally as part of their Local Delivery Plan (DH annual reports, 2004) We have delineated four important objectives among several health care policy plans laid down by the NHS and Department of Health. The first objective discussed is aimed towards providing faster and better services for improving health outcomes of everyone. This was specified as reducing mortality rates from killer diseases such as cancer, coronary heart disease and accidents. The targets however have not been achieved as there has been significant rise in deaths from cancer, heart disease and accidents in the last few years since the target was set. Although there has been a decrease in the number of hospital admissions, deaths due to suicide and intentional self harm have also gone up. From this analysis it is only suggested that the target for improving general health outcomes by reducing mortality rates has not been achieved as specified by the Department of Health. Examining the second objective of providing treatment to people effectively and quickly on the basis of need suggest that everyone with cancer or such ailments should be able to visit their GP within 2 weeks of their deciding to see their practitioner and waiting times should be cut down considerably. The progress report shows that 99% of the cancer patients were able to see their GP within 2 weeks of their decision and this suggests that the target objective in this case has been nearly met. The third objective we have highlighted is that according to the NHS plan, most disabled or chronically ill patients should be able to support themselves and perform daily activities and lead as normal life as possible. This was effectively studied by using psychiatric illness as an indicator of chronic disability and hospital readmission rates as important measures of finding out to what extent chronically ill patients are able to lead normal lives or support themselves. Although the readmissions measure shows that targets and objectives were narrowly missed in previous years, in more recent times due to assertive outreach and early intervention and crisis resolution, there were considerable falls in psychiatric readmission rates suggesting that some progress is definitely being made on general improvement of health of people who are chronically disabled. The fourth aim was improving patient and carer experience of NHS and social services provided by beginning pre-booking services and it is emphasized that all clinical services should be pre booked by the year 2005. This is largely a procedure under the aegis of the NHS modernization agency as pre booking services are also IT related and a general improvement of IT systems are associated with achieving this target. However according to DH reports, this target achievement is already on course and most of the health services are now pre booked and waiting times for appointment have reduced significantly. Following an analysis of objectives and aims and the targets achieved by the NHS according to Health care policy, we would take a look at performance of the health care sector and the ratings obtained by primary, secondary trusts. The results of 2002-2003 are given below: Overall there are 579 NHS trusts that have been rated for their performance in 2002/2003. Evidence on Health Policy Implementation – Issues From an analysis of DH annual reports on progress and targets that have or have not been achieved in the past few years, we no move on to clinical evidence and research studies that have formed the basic evaluative tool for health policy implementation appraisal. Ujah et al (2004) provided an evaluative study to establish the nature, extent and organization of occupational health services provisions for people within the NHS and reviewed the systems for monitoring NHS performance. Within the NHS trusts, human resource managers and occupational health managers were selected for the study and were invited to complete an interviewer led questionnaire. All the 17 trusts in which the interview was carried out claimed that they do provide occupational health service to their employees and the provisions and organization of these services were under the human resource unit. However only 29% of the trusts could provide a written health policy with 87% of occupational health mangers claiming that they only provide a rather reactive service based on patient needs, rather than health policy objectives. The authors discovered considerable variation sin the level, nature and quality of services provided by the NHS trusts and concluded as a result of their findings that there are significant differences in the level of occupational health service available to staff across the NHS in London. From this study it is evident that health policy as an initiative only serves as a framework for achievement and may not ultimately be followed in the same way as there are significant differences in the way policies are implemented in different NHS trusts. New health policies that tend to integrate education and training with research and implementation tend to support new practitioners to perform health care research and Bateman et al (2004) evaluate the policy of supporting health care professionals who have some interest in research. The authors claim that there may be considerable value in development of research objectives within the NHS RD wing and mention that ‘Future policies may need to address: the indicators used in measuring the success of such schemes; the relationship between what individuals choose to do and its context within national policy on research and development; and the sustainability of involvement in research’ (Bateman et al, 2004, p.83) Evaluating the information systems and up gradation of IT networking within the NHS, Wyatt and Wyatt (2003) argue that evaluating large scale health information systems such as in hospital systems can be lengthy and difficult procedure. However they discuss the reasons for which such evaluation is necessary and the appropriate methods to carry out these evaluations. This information as they suggest is supposed to be directed towards an assessment of health policy and is thus expected to provide feedback to health policy makers and help in improvement of health and public policies. The authors discuss many experimental designs to carry out their research and also study the impact of communications system within a laboratory setting, the potential problems and how they could be resolved. Wyatt and Wyatt conclude that the correct methods to evaluate health information systems in hospitals and clinics do not depend on the technology being evaluated but on the reliability of answers given for evaluation. Health policies such as patient centered care approach (Webster, 2004), integrated clinical governance (Cauchi 2005) and nurse led intervention services (Lees 2003) have been effectively implemented and successful although posing major challenges to NHS to constantly improve policies according to targets and objectives. Carter et al (2003) evaluated multi-disciplinary team working as a policy and the effectiveness of introducing new organizational structure within the NHS. Although the authors emphasized that as a result of this policy very little have changed so far, but the interests that such a multi-agency working approach has generated suggest that this may be the beginning of medical practice that can link the changes in work practices with improvements in quality of services[1]. Within the NHS framework, multidisciplinary team working is developing to expand roles of traditional institutional boundaries and form complex clinical networks. However these networks could become increasingly autonomous from current NHS structures. The authors discuss the possibility of forming chambers for doctors as well as other professionals as a means of working together in groups. Multilevel working at the NHS is as of now a very effective health care policy but needs even further evaluation and suggestions f or improvement. Conclusion: Within this particular discussion we have tried to analyze the health care policies and targets and evaluated these objectives in terms of achievement and progress in policy implementation within the health care sector in the UK. For our purposes we have used targets and progress report from annual results published by the DH. Evidential information on policy effectiveness have also been provided where we suggested that health care polici

Pros and Cons of Cosmetic Surgery Essay example -- Plastic Surgery Essa

Pros and Cons of Cosmetic Surgery Cosmetic Surgery is a great discovery that has been around for many centuries. â€Å"The history of plastic surgery origins in the early 800 B.C. when surgeons in India restored noses to persons who had them taken off as a form of punishment.† (History of Cosmetic Surgery, 2008) Many people have used over the years cosmetic and reconstructive surgery to enhance their physical appearance weather it be for health problems associated with birth defect or problems that they have developed over the years or to even alter physical appearances for instance nose jobs and tummy tucks. There are numerous types of cosmetic surgery that can be done today in the United States, over the year’s surgeons techniques have improved dramatically. There are a number of pro’s and con’s that go along with cosmetic surgery, such as the amount of recovery time and the initial cost of surgery. Statistics also show that cosmetic surgery has grown so rapidly over the years it is phen omenal people who receive cosmetic surgery goes up by the millions every year. While there can be many related health risks due to cosmetic sugary, many times cosmetic surgery is necessary and its is made more affordable than thought to be. There are many Cons’ that are associated with cosmetic and reconstructive surgery. Some procedures can leave a person scared for life physically or even mentally. For instance, â€Å"Liposuction is the removal of fat cells to produce smoother contours, if to much fat and fluid is removed at once the patient could go into shock, bleed internally, or worst of all die.† (Margie Parent 2002) After some cosmetic and reconstructive surgeries sometimes it is found very common for a person to have a hard time adjust... .../history-of-cosmetic-surgery.html Parent, Margie. 2002. â€Å"The Pro’s and Con’s of Plastic Surgery Procedure.† Retrieved on January 28th, 2008. From www.ri.essortment.com/plasticsugeryp_rewz.htm Miami Beach 411. N.D. â€Å"A Guide to Cosmetic and Plastic Surgery Costs†. Retrieved on January 28th, 2008. From http://www.miamibeach411.com/cosmetic/guide_2.html â€Å"History of Cosmetic Surgery†. 2008. Retrieved on January 28th, 2008. From http://www.ebreastaug.com/cosmetic-surgery/history.html Colins, Joan. N.d..†The Pro’s and Con’s of Plastic Surgery†. Retrieved on January 28th, 2008. From http://cseserv.engr,scu.edu/StudentWebPages/KNguyen/researchpaper.htm American Society of Plastic Surgery. 2008. â€Å"2007 Report of 2006 Statistics†. Retrieved on January 28th, 2008. From http://www.plasticsurgery.org/media/Press_Kits/Procedural-Statistics-Press-Kit-Index.cfm

Can a fingerprint be reproduced? :: Personal Narrative, Autobiographical Essay

Can a fingerprint be reproduced? Imagine the guilt a wife and mother would feel knowing that carrying out her daily routine of waking her husband, so he could get ready for work, would cause her never to see him again. To just send him off as she has done for the past thirty-two years would cause such heartbreak for her and her family. For her to remember the way he would turn on all the lights and make as much noise as possible to keep her awake so that he could get a good-bye kiss. And to think that that kiss would be their last one because when he arrives at work, takes the elevator to the fifty-second floor, and takes a seat at his desk a terrorist would fly an airplane into his building, The World Trade Center. On that dark day, The World Trade Center became a burial ground. Thousands of people lost their lives because of someone’s warped view of religion. Because of this warped view, we as a country have to make the difficult decision of what to do with the empty area where the Twin Towers once stood. People are divided on what to do with this are in the middle of Manhattan. Should we, as a nation, rebuild The World Trade Center or make a memorial in its place? Many factors play on this decision. For example, it is prime real estate. Yet, on the other hand, it is sacred ground. A place of reverence and a place of remembrance of those lives lost in the tragedy that occurred on 9-11. People from all over the United States of America came to this one spot not to view or exploit the vacancy but to remember the totality of the two towers by remembering the employees, the bystanders, and all the police officers and fire fighters who lost their lives to save others. Strangers came together to pay their respects to the dead and to show their loyalty and support to their country. After September 11, this site has become more than a national landmark. People used to come and be in awe because of the magnificence of the two buildings, but now they come for something else. This is another reason it is so difficult to decide on what to do with this void in the New York skyline. People want a place that they can go and remember their loved ones that have passed because of the tragedy on September 11, 2001.

Wilderness Survival :: essays research papers

Whether you are simply going camping at a commercial campground, taking a short hike, or backpacking into a pristine wilderness area... be prepared. Never leave to chance those few articles that may become lifesavers. Above all, always let someone know your itinerary and the time you plan to return. The following is a list of items that should be included in a basic survival kit: bodyOffer(17619)You May Be Owed Unclaimed Money To Find Out, Enter Your Last Name Here: 1.Waterproof matches (stick matches in a 35mm film container) or a disposable lighter. 2.Fire starter 3.Rigid blade knife (Preferably serrated on one side of the blade) w/ sheath 4.Folding saw 5.Compass 6.Map of the area you are in 7.Signal mirror 8.Flashlight 9.Plastic tarp 10.50 to 100 feet of nylon cord (1/8 inch is adequate) 11.First aid kit 12.Coins for pay phones (here again a 35mm film container works well) 13.Full canteen 14.Emergency food rations 15.Water purification tablets/filter. 16.Fish hooks and fishing line 17.Police whistle 18.Toilet paper Fire: When starting a fire find dry wood. Use the inner bark of trees, or look for the dead branches at the very bottom of fir trees. These are dead because they were denied sunlight by the branches above them. These same branches have probably protected them from getting wet. Start your fire small and gradually increase its size. Tinder will greatly enhance your chance for success. Take small branches and shred then with a knife o r your fingers. You can use dead grass, bird’s nests, wasp nests (unoccupied of course), inner bark from dead trees, or a strip of cloth from the tail of your shirt. Use anything that will ignite quickly. Place this in the center. Around this, build a teepee of small dry twigs. Once this is burning, slowly feed your fire with larger and larger pieces of wood. Always making sure the fire is burning freely before you progress to a larger piece of wood. Once this fire is burning do not let it go out. bodyOffer2() Shelter: Do not make the mistake of trying to construct a large shelter. Make it just large enough to accommodate you. This is important, especially in cold climates, because you are going to have to heat it. Use the materials at hand. Dig out a pit and line it with something to insulate you from the ground. Your body heat can be lost very quickly lying on the bare ground. Wilderness Survival :: essays research papers Whether you are simply going camping at a commercial campground, taking a short hike, or backpacking into a pristine wilderness area... be prepared. Never leave to chance those few articles that may become lifesavers. Above all, always let someone know your itinerary and the time you plan to return. The following is a list of items that should be included in a basic survival kit: bodyOffer(17619)You May Be Owed Unclaimed Money To Find Out, Enter Your Last Name Here: 1.Waterproof matches (stick matches in a 35mm film container) or a disposable lighter. 2.Fire starter 3.Rigid blade knife (Preferably serrated on one side of the blade) w/ sheath 4.Folding saw 5.Compass 6.Map of the area you are in 7.Signal mirror 8.Flashlight 9.Plastic tarp 10.50 to 100 feet of nylon cord (1/8 inch is adequate) 11.First aid kit 12.Coins for pay phones (here again a 35mm film container works well) 13.Full canteen 14.Emergency food rations 15.Water purification tablets/filter. 16.Fish hooks and fishing line 17.Police whistle 18.Toilet paper Fire: When starting a fire find dry wood. Use the inner bark of trees, or look for the dead branches at the very bottom of fir trees. These are dead because they were denied sunlight by the branches above them. These same branches have probably protected them from getting wet. Start your fire small and gradually increase its size. Tinder will greatly enhance your chance for success. Take small branches and shred then with a knife o r your fingers. You can use dead grass, bird’s nests, wasp nests (unoccupied of course), inner bark from dead trees, or a strip of cloth from the tail of your shirt. Use anything that will ignite quickly. Place this in the center. Around this, build a teepee of small dry twigs. Once this is burning, slowly feed your fire with larger and larger pieces of wood. Always making sure the fire is burning freely before you progress to a larger piece of wood. Once this fire is burning do not let it go out. bodyOffer2() Shelter: Do not make the mistake of trying to construct a large shelter. Make it just large enough to accommodate you. This is important, especially in cold climates, because you are going to have to heat it. Use the materials at hand. Dig out a pit and line it with something to insulate you from the ground. Your body heat can be lost very quickly lying on the bare ground.

Albinism Essay

Albinism Background Information Albinism is a genetic disorder which affects the amount of melanin produced, in a person’s skin, hair, or eyes. Oculocutaneous albinism, Ocular albinism, and Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome are other names for this genetic disorder. The disorder affects mostly men, because it is a recessive gene. Females are usually carriers. Albinism does not affect any specific ethnic or religious group. Symptoms/ Effects This Genetic Disorder affects the eyes, skin, or hair’s pigmentation. If an organism has albinism, it has little or no color in a specific part of its body. Albinistic skin burns easily. People with this disorder have to take special precautions to avoid sunburns and diseases such as skin cancer. Most types of Albinism also affect the eyes. Symptoms affecting the eyes include Crossed eyes, Light sensitivity, Rapid eye movements, Vision problems, and functional blindness. Albinistic people may have to limit their outdoor activities to avoid too much exposure to the sun. This disorder itself is not life threatening. However albinism affects many animals’ camouflage, and makes them easy prey. A human’s life span can be shortened by lung disease or bleeding problems from a form of Albinism, Hermansky-Pudlak Syndrome. Testing/ Diagnostics This disorder can be detected simply by looking for pale or unnatural colored eyes, hair, or skin. To make sure, scientists use genetic tests to affirm that a person has albinism. Ophthalmologists also conduct electroretinograms to detect any optical problems. Causes Albinism is a recessive gene that can only be inherited. It is not sex-linked. Treatments Albinism cannot be cured, but it a person with albinism can wear colored contacts or sunglasses to comfort and protect their eyes. They can wear sun block and stay indoors to protect their skin. Name: Vivian Ray (Vivia)? Age: 17? Gender: F? Appearance: There, you see her first thing you notice when you see Vivia, is her grace. From her delicate structure to her fluid motions, she is elegant and nimble. Vivia has dark black/brown hair pulled into a messy bun with an ornate pen sticking out of it. She has overgrown bangs, that fall into her face. She has an odd way of talking, she looks at you straight in the eyes with her bright grey irises, while speaking with long embellished sentences in a melodic voice. Vivia does not appear to be intimidating or weak. But at the same time, both. She holds herself tall and her eyes seem be a portal to her her inner depths.? Abilities/Talents: Vivia once ice-skated and did ballet. She is moderately athletic. Vivia’s main talent is writing. She often walks around in the park trying to find the perfect word to decribe the leaves slowly falling down, or the prints in the snow. She has her own column in the Elwood High newspaper called â€Å"On the Bright Side†? Basic Likes/Dislikes:? Likes: Vivia like things that are well though out, poems, artwork, and anything else. She loves sour things, and is often sucking a lemon head. When asked her favorite color she thinks of her late mother’s grey eyes (the only trait she inherited from her mother) and replies without hesitation, grey. She loves fruit and would pick it over any other dessert, likes listening to instrumental music . She also likes to reread her dog-eared copies of Shakespeare in her free time.? Dislike: The number one thing Vivia dislikes is being wrong. She does not like the uncertainty and indecisiveness she often suffers from. She also does not like people who stereotype and make assumptions about her. She tends to not work as hard if she is forced to do something instead of herself choosing to do something. Vivia also absolutely hates suspense, and has yet to read a full mystery without skipping to the end.? Personality: Vivia, is usually not the loudest person, and often simply listens in the background. However, her writing truly shows who she is, and wants to be. She is often caught dreaming about what would happen if her life were different. She has a temper if you annoy her enough to find it. She can be stubborn, and is very fair.? Background Information: As a senior at Aberle High, Vivia is being pressured into making the big decision as to what career path she should choose. Her father is pushing her toward a doctorate, while she would rather become an author.? Relationships: Vivia’s mother was a journalist and died in a car accident while driving to the scene of er next story. She lives with her father and little brother. She loves her father and wants to make him proud. There, you see her, leaning against a tree

John Gotti Received More Publicity Any Crime Figure

Differential Association possibility Differential standoff possible action was Sutherlands major sociological contri justion to criminology the likes of in importance to phase hypothesis and societal control opening. These theories any(prenominal) justify diversion in terms of the undivideds loving tellingships. Sutherlands speculation de classifys from the pathological spatial relation and biologic perspective by attri besidesing the come of iniquity to the tender context of singles. He baulked biological determinism and the extreme whatsoeverwhat sensationism of psychiatry, as healthy as economic definitions of crime.His search for an mhoary understanding of crime led to the discipline of derivative sleeper theory. In severalise to twain classical and biological theories, derivative instrument standoff theory poses no self-evident threats to the humane treatment of those identified as miserables. (Gaylord, 19881) The principle of derived function tie asserts that a somebody catchs broken-d proclaim because of an senseless of definitions cordial to usurpation of law e trulyplace definitions invidious to colza of law.In different battle cry, culpable air emerges when one is exposed to to a bulky extent than amicable message favoring conduct than pro affectionate messages (Sutherland, 1947). Sutherland argued that the cin one casept of derivative instrument association and differential coefficient neighborly arrangement could be applied to the singular direct and to aggregation (or group) level respectively. succeederion differential association theory explains why some(prenominal) mortal(a) gravitates toward male chemical element carriage, differential affable organization explains why crime grade of different social entities different from each(prenominal) new(prenominal)s.The first explicit instruction of the theory of differential association appears in the 1939 pas seul of Princi ples of Criminology and in the fourth edition of it, he presented his final theory. His theory has 9 elementary postulates. 1. Criminal appearance is well-educated. This means that iniquitous style is non inherited, as much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) to a fault the psyche who is non already trained in crime does non invent criminal sort. 2. Criminal expression is learned in interaction with other psyches in a accomplish of conversation. This communication is verbal in many an(prenominal) an(prenominal) cases however includes gestures. 3.The principal part of the reading of criminal behavior dos within intimate in- someone groups. Negatively, this means the im ain communication, such as movies or newspaper play a relatively unimportant part in committing criminal behavior. 4. When criminal behavior is learned, the learning includes (a) techniques of committing the crime, which ar sometimes receivedly unanalyzable (b) the limited direction of mot ives, drives, rationalizations, and attitudes. 5. The specific direction of the motives and drives is learned from definitions of the legal codes as amicable or unfavorable.This different context of role usually is open up in US where finale conflict in relation to the legal code exists. 6. A individual be go ups delinquent because of an excess of definitions favorable to violation of law oer definitions unfavorable to violation of law. This is the principle of differential association. When pot become criminal, they do so non wholly because of contacts with criminal patterns exactly also because of closing off from anticriminal patterns. Negatively, this means that association which argon so-so(p) so far as crime is touch on wee little or no put in on the propagation of criminal behavior. . Differential association whitethorn vary in frequency, duration, priority, and intensity. Priority seems to be important principally by dint of its selective influence and intens ity has to do with such things as the prestige of the source of a criminal or anticriminal pattern and with delirious reactions denoted to the association. These modalities would be rated in quantifiable form and mathematical ratio but development of formula in this star has not been developed and would be very difficult. 8.The process of learning criminal behavior by association with criminal and anti-criminal patterns involves all of the mechanisms that be involved in any other learning. Negatively, this means that the learning of criminal behavior is not restricted to the process of imitation. A person who is seduced, for instance, learns criminal behavior by association, but this would not be ordinarily described as imitation. 9. While criminal behavior is an typeface of normal needs and set, it is not explained by those general needs and measures since non-criminal behavior is an expression of the same needs and rank.Thieves generally drop off in order to secure mo ney, but likewise honest laborers work in order to money. The attempts to explain criminal behavior by general drives and values such as the money motive w ar been, and essential completely to be, futile, since they explain legal behavior as completely as they explain criminal behavior. They argon similar to respiration, which is necessary for any behavior, but which does not differentiate criminal from noncriminal behavior. (Sutherland, 1974 75-76)In summary, he believed that an individuals associations atomic number 18 determined in a general context of social organization (for instance, family income as a factor of determining residence of family and in many cases, sin rate is largely related to the rental value of houses) and thus differential group organization as an explanation of various crime order is arranged with the differential association theory. (Sutherland, 1974 77) Much of Sutherlands theory relied upon the work of Chicago cultivate theorists, Shaw and McKay (1931,1969). tally to Shaw and McKay, they found that delinquency rates change magnitude as one moved a delegacy from the center of the city, and ecological rates of delinquency remained stable over generations despite a complete turnover of ethnic report and social disorganization explained the high rates of delinquency in the inner-city. (Matsueda 1988 280) As a matter of fact, this statement requires qualification because once you pass through the zone in transition, delinquency rates drop as you move out towards the suburbs.Criticism and Contemporary Views umteen criticized Sutherlands differential association theory supporters argued that upbraiding a great deal dissolvented from mistaking of Sutherlands theory. Donald R. Cressey argued persuasively that many of the critiques were simply literary errors or misinterpretation on the part of the critics. For character, the theory was judged by critics to be in reasoned because not everyone who had come into contact with c riminals became criminal as a result.This misinterprets the theorys proposition that criminal behavior is learned through differential association (relative word picture to criminal and noncriminal patterns) not simply through any contact with persons who gull profaned the law. (Akers 1996229) However, Cressey also pointed out dickens major weaknesses of Sutherlands theory. the first problem was that the concept of definitions in the theory was not precisely defined, and the statement did not give good focusing on how to operationalize the ratio or excess of definitions favorable to criminal behavior over definitions unfavorable to criminal behavior.The second real problem was that it left the learning process unspecified. There is virtually no clew in Sutherlands theory as to what in item would be included in all the mechanisms that are involved in any of other learning (Akers 1996229-230) some other important criticism argued that Sutherlands theory is a pagan deviance th eory as a way of showing that it make wrong presumptions about human behavior and the role of purification in aberrant behavior. Matsueda (1988) believed it reduces his (Sutherlands) theory to a caricature and Bernard objected to the way in which the cultural deviance recording label has been applied to the original differential association and social learning decree(Bernard and Snipes, 1995 Vold and Bernard, 1986 227-229) exclusively Akers denies this criticism as another misinterpretation of Sutherlands theory According to this critique, differential association/social learning theory rests on the assumption that socialization is completely thriving and that cultural variability is unlimited, back toothnot explain individual spills in deviance within the same group and applies only to group differences, has no way of explaining violation of norms to which the individual subscribes, and proposes subtlety as the single cause of crime. I conclude that the usual attribution o f cultural deviance assumptions and explanation to differential association is based on misinterpretations. (Akers 1996229) Merton systemLike many sociological theories of crime, Robert Mertons try out/ anomy theory has advanced following the work of Emile Durkheim. In Mertons theory anomy is very similar to the very meaning of the word hit, as he proposed anomie to be a situation in which societies inadvertently bring to bear pressure, or strive, on individuals that can lead to rule-breaking behavior. This pressure, or strain if you go frontward, is caused by the discrepancy in the midst of culturally defined goals and the institutionalized means useable to acquire these goals. To illustrate this Merton argues that the dominant cultural goal in the U. S is the eruditeness of wealth, as a message was portrayed that happiness frequently equated with material success which is oftentimes associated with wealth.The socially accepted institutionalized manner of achieving these material goals was believed to be grievous work and education, meaning it is widely believed that sight who apply themselves to study and work give succeed financially and that those who do not succeed are labeled as either lazy or defective. According to Merton, the problem with this type of society is that the allow means for achieving material success are not uniformly distributed. In other words, those from wealthier backgrounds dupe considerably more adit to legitimate means than do those who are economically disadvantaged. As a consequence, anomie, or strain, is generated and produces certain modes of rendering, or (simply put) make do strategies, that the disadvantaged use to deal with the pressures that are brought to bear on them. Merton identifies five modes of adaptation conformity, innovation, retreatism, ritualism, and rebellion.According to Merton, the pioneer is the about likely to go after in criminal behavior, as the trailblazer accepts the sociall y recognized goals of society, but disdain the legitimate means to achieve these goals. Consequently, the innovator uses proceeds from crimes such as fraud, theft, and misappropriated dose dealing to access culturally defined goals. Critique of argument/anomie theory Although Mertons change shape theory continues to play a role in the sociological theorization of crime forthwith, thither are limitations to this theory of crime that birth been identified. The first critique of this theory, put forth by Albert Cohen, addressed the fact that in that respect is an ample amount of crime/delinquent behavior that is non-utilitarian, malicious, and negativistic (OGrady, 2011), which highlights that not all crimes are explicable using Mertons theory.Although Merton could explain crimes such as fraud and theft on the basis of innovation, he is futile to explain youth crimes that are often engaged in for social consideration rather than material acquisition. Furthermore, wring/ano mie theory fails to adequately address issues such as race and gender. Additionally, communication channel/anomie theory is unable to explain the phenomena of washcloth collar crime. edit Robert DubinRobert Dubin (1959) viewed deviance as a function of society, disputing the assumption that the deviant adaptations to situations of anomie are necessarily harmful to society. For example, an individual in the ritualistic adaptation is assuage playing by the rules and taking part in society. The only deviance lies in abandoning one or more of its culturally prescribed goals.Dubin argued that Mertons focus on the kinship between societys show goals, and institutionalized prescribed means was inadequate. Dubin mat that a further annotation should be made between cultural goals, institutional means and institutional norms because individuals perceive norms subjectively, rendering them and acting upon them differently. The personalised educational experiences, values, and attitudes may predispose an individual to attribute a norm one way. some other individual with different experiences may legitimately internalize the same norm differently. Both may be acting rationally in their own terms, but the resulting behaviour is different.Dubin also extended Mertons typology to fourteen, with particular following in Innovation and Ritualism. Merton proposed that the innovative solution to strain was accepting the goal, but rejecting the institutionally prescribed means of achieving the goal. The implication seemed to be that that not only did the individual reject the means, he must actively present illegitimate means as a substitute which would not always be true. Dubin also thought that a distinction should be made between the veridical behaviour of the actor and the values that host the behaviour. Instead of Innovation, Dubin proposed Behavioural Innovation and regard as Innovation.Similarly, in Ritualism, he proposed Behavioural Ritualism and harbor Rit ualism (Dubin, 1959 147-149). Merton (1959 177-189) commented on Dubins revisions, claiming that although Dubin did make valid contributions, they took the focus off deviancy. edit Robert AgnewIn 1992, Robert Agnew asserted that strain theory could be central in explaining crime and deviance, but that it needed revision so that it was not tied to social class or cultural variables, but re-focused on norms. To this end, Agnew proposed a general strain theory that is neither structural nor interpersonal but rather individual and emotional, paying especial attention to an individuals immediate social environment.He argued that an individuals demonstrable or pass judgment bankruptcy to achieve positively precious goals, echt or anticipated removal of positively value stimuli, and actual or anticipated presentation of negative stimuli all result in strain. Anger and frustration put up negative relationships. The resulting behavior patterns go away often be characterized by more th an their bundle of unilateral action because an individual pull up stakes moderate a natural proneness to avoid unpleasant rejections, and these unilateral actions (especially when antisocial) will further contribute to an individuals alienation from society. If particular rejections are generalized into noticeings that the environment is unsupportive, more strongly negative emotions may stir up the individual to engage in crime.This is most likely to be true for raw individuals, and Agnew suggested that research focus on the magnitude, recency, duration, and cluster of such strain-related events to determine whether a person sleep withs with strain in a criminal or conforming manner. Temperament, intelligence, interpersonal skills, self-efficacy, the armorial bearing of conventional social support, and the absence of association with antisocial (e. g. , criminally inclined) age and place peers are chief among the factors Agnew identified as beneficial. edit Akers operat ionalization of Agnews theory Sources of strainAkers (2000 159) has operationalized Agnews version of the Strain opening, as follows Failure to achieve positively valued goals he gap between expectations and actual executions will derive from short- and long-term personal goals, and some of those goals will never be realized because of unavoidable circumstances including twain inherent weaknesses and opportunities blocked by others and the difference between the view of what a person believes the outcome should be and what actually results increases personal disappointment. Frustration is not necessarily payable to any outside interference with valued goals, but a direct effect on anger, and has indirect effects on serious crime and aggression. Agnew and White (1992) hold produced empirical evidence suggesting that general strain theory was positively able to relate delinquents and drug users, and that the strongest effect on the delinquents canvass was the delinquency of thei r peers.They were interested in drug use because it did not appear to face an attempt to direct anger or escape pain, but is used generally to manage the negative affect caused by strain. Up to this point, strain theory had been concerned with types of strain rather than sources of strain whereas the extend of events can be shown to interfere with the achievement of natural expectations or just and sane outcomes. These may be significant events or minor hassles that accumulate and demoralize over time. Frustration leads to dissatisfaction, resentment, and anger all the emotions customarily associated with strain in criminology. It is natural for individuals to tang di tension when they are denied just rewards for their efforts when compared to the efforts and rewards disposed(p) to similar others for similar outcomes.Agnew (1992) treats anger as the most critical emotion since it is block always directed outwards and is often related to breakdowns in relationships. invest igate shows that the melodic line/crime relationship appears to hold careless(predicate) of guilt feelings, age, and capacity to cope when events occur concurrently or in fill succession. edit Zhang JieThe strain theory of self-destruction postulates that suicide is usually preceded by mental strains. A psychological strain is formed by at least deuce stresses or pressures, pushing the individual to different directions. A strain can be a consequence of any of the four conflicts differential values, discrepancy between aspiration and cosmos, relative privation, and lack of coping skills for a crisis.Psychological strains in the form of all the four sources have been tested and supported with a stress of suicide notes in the unify declares and in hobnailed China through psychological autopsy studies. The strain theory of suicide forms a challenge to the psychiatrical put popular among the suicidologists in the world. The strain theory of suicide is based on the theore tic frameworks established by previous sociologists, e. g. Durkheim (1951), Merton (1957), and Agnew (2006), and introductory tests have been accomplished with some American (Zhang and Lester 2008) and Chinese data (Zhang 2010 Zhang, Dong, Delprino, and Zhou 2009 Zhang, Wieczorek, Conwell, and Tu 2011).There could be four types of strain that precede a suicide, and each can be derived from specific sources. A source of strain must consist of both, and at least two, contradictory social facts. If the two social facts are non-contradictory, there would be no strain. Strain Source 1 Differential determine When two conflicting social values or beliefs are competing in an individuals day-by-day life story, the person experiences value strain. The two conflicting social facts are competing personal beliefs internalized in the persons value system. A cult penis may experience strain if the mainstream culture and the cult religion are both considered important in the cult appendages d aily life.Other examples include the second generation of immigrants in the United States who have to abide by the ethnic culture rules enforced in the family while simultaneously adapting to the American culture with peers and school. In China, rural young women appreciate gender egalitarianism advocated by the communist government, but at the same time, they are trapped in cultural sexual discrimination as traditionally cultivated by Confucianism. another(prenominal) example that might be found in developing countries is the differential values of traditional collectivism and modern individualism. When the two conflicting values are interpreted as equally important in a persons daily life, the person experiences great strain. When one value is more important than the other, there is wherefore little or no strain. Strain Source 2 Reality vs. AspirationIf there is a discrepancy between an individuals aspiration or a high goal and the reality the person has to live with, the person experiences aspiration strain. The two conflicting social facts are ones splendid ideal or goal and the reality that may retard one from achieving it. An individual donjon in the United States expects to be very voluminous or at least jolly successful as other Americans do, but in reality the means to achieve the goal is not equally on hand(predicate) to the person because of his/her social status or any other reasons. Aspirations or goals can be a college a person aims to get in, an ideal girl a boy wants to marry, and a political cause a person strives for, etcetera If the reality is far from the aspiration, the person experiences strain. Another example might be from rural China.A young woman aspiring to equal opportunity and equal treatment may have to live within the traditional and Confucian reality, exemplified by her family and village, which interferes with that goal. The larger the discrepancy between aspiration and reality, the greater the strain will be. Strain So urce 3 relation back Deprivation In the situation where an super economically short individual realizes some other people of the same or similar background are leading(a) a much better life, the person experiences deprivation strain. The two conflicting social facts are ones own miserable life and the perceived birth rate of comparative others. A person living in absolute poverty, where there is no comparison with others, does not necessarily feel bad, miserable, or take.On the other hand, if the same poor person understands that other people like him/her live a better life, he or she may feel deprived because of these circumstances. In an economically polarized society where the blue and poor live geographically close to each other, people are more likely to feel this discrepancy. In todays rural China, television, newspaper, magazines, and radio have brought home to rural youths how relatively sozzled urban life is. Additionally, those young people who went to work in the cities (dagong) and returned to the village during holidays with extravagance materials and exciting stories make the relative deprivation even more realistically perceived. change magnitude perception of deprivation indicates relatively greater strain for individuals. Strain Source 4 Deficient CopingFacing a life crisis, some individuals are not able to cope with it, and then they experience coping strain. The two conflicting social facts are life crisis and the appropriate coping capacity. All people who have experienced crises do not experience strain. A crisis may be a pressure or stress in daily life, and those individuals who are not able to cope with the crisis have strain. such(prenominal) crises as loss of money, loss of status, loss of face, divorce, death of a loved one, etc. may lead to serious strain in the person who does not jazz how to cope with these negative life events. A high school boy who is eer bullied and ridiculed by peers may experience great strain if he does not retire how to deal with the situation.Likewise, a Chinese rural young woman who is frequently wronged by her mother-in-law may have strain if she is not psychologically ready to cope with a different situation by want support from other family members and the village. The less sure-footed the coping skills, the stronger the strain when a crisis takes place. edit ReferencesOGrady W. (2011). discourtesy in Canadian Context. Strain/anomie theory 92-94 Agnew, R. (1992). Foundation for a frequent Strain speculation. Criminology 30(1), 47-87 Agnew, R. & White, H. (1992). An Empirical Test of ordinary Strain Theory. Criminology 30(4) 475-99. Agnew, R. (1997). The Nature and Determinants of Strain Another Look at Durkheim and Merton. Pp. 7-51 in The rising of anomie Theory, edited by R. Agnew and N. Passas. capital of Massachusetts Northeastern University Press. Agnew, R. (2009). Revitalizing Merton habitual Strain Theory. Advances in criminological Theory The Orig ins of American Criminology, Volume 16, edited by F. T. Cullen, F. Adler, C. L. Johnson, and A. J. Meyer. unsanded Brunswick, NJ Transaction. Akers, R. (2000). Criminological Theories Introduction, Evaluation, and Application. Los Angeles Roxbury. Cloward, R. (1959). Illegitimate Means, Anomie and Deviant Behavior. American Sociological recap 24(2) 164- 76. Cloward, R. & Ohlin, L. (1960). Delinquency and Opportunity. NY separated Press. Cohen, A. (1955). Delinquent Boys.NY bring out Press. Cohen, A. (1965). The Sociology of the Deviant Act Anomie Theory and Beyond. American Sociological Review 30 5-14. Cohen, A. (1977). The Concept of Criminal Organization. British ledger of Criminology 17 97-111. Dubin, R. (1959) Deviant Behavior and friendly Structure Continuities in kind Theory. American Sociological Review 24147-163. Durkheim, E. (1897/1997). Suicide. NY liberal Press. Featherstone, R. & Deflem, M. (2003). Anomie and Strain Context and Consequences of Mertons cardin al Theories. Sociological Inquiry 73(4)471-489. Hirschi, T. (1969). Causes of Delinquency. Berkeley University of California Press.Marwah, Sanjay, and Mathieu Deflem. 2006. Revisiting Merton Continuities in the Theory of Anomie-and-Opportunity-Structures. Pp. 57-76 in Sociological Theory and Criminological Research Views from Europe and the United States, ed. M. Deflem. Amsterdam Elsevier/JAI Press. Messner, S Rosenfeld, R. (1994). Crime and the American Dream. Belmont Wadsworth. Polk, K. (1969). Class, Strain and Rebellion Among Adolescents. Social Problems 17 214-24. Polk, K. , Schafer, W. (eds. ). (1972). Schools and Delinquency. Englewood Cliffs, NJ Prentice-Hall. Agnew, Robert. 2006. General Strain Theory Current Status and Directions for Further Research. Pp. 01-123 in Taking Stock The Status of Criminological Theory-Advances in Criminological Theory, edited by F. T. Cullen, J. P. Wright, and K. Blevins. spic-and-span Brunswick, NJ Transaction. Durkheim, Emile. 1951. Su icide A Study in Sociology. New York allow Press (Original work published in 1897). IOM, (Institute of Medicine). 2002. Reducing suicide An American imperative. Washington, D. C. discipline Academy Press. Mann, J. J. , C. Waternaux, G. L. Haas, and K. M. Malone. 1999. Toward a clinical object lesson of suicidal behavior in psychiatric patients. American Journal of Psychiatry 156181-189. Merton, R. K. 1957. Social Theory and Social Structure, rev. ed. New York Free Press. NIMH. 2003.Research on Reduction and Prevention of Suicidality bailiwick Institute of Mental Health. Phillips, Michael R, Gonghuan Yang, Yanping Zhang, L. Wang, H. Ji, and M. Zhou. 2002. Risk factors for suicide in China a internal case-control psychological autopsy study. The Lancet 3601728-1736. Spitzer, R. L. , J. B. W. Williams, M. Gibbon, and A. B. First. 1988. mastery Manual for the Structured Clinical audience for DSM-III-R (SCID, 6/1/88 Revision). New York Biometrics Research Department, New York St ate Psychiatric Institute. Zhang, Jie. 2010. Marriage and Suicide among Chinese Rural Young Women. Social Forces 89311-326. Zhang, Jie, Nini Dong, Robert Delprino, and Li Zhou. 2009. Psychological Strains Found From In-Depth Interviews With cv Chinese Rural Youth Suicides. annals of Suicide Research 13185 194. Zhang, Jie and Shenghua Jin. 1998. social relations and suicide ideation in China. Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs 12479-94. Zhang, Jie and David Lester. 2008. Psychological Tensions Found in Suicide Notes A Test for the Strain Theory of Suicide. Archives of Suicide Research 1267-73. Zhang, Jie, William F. Wieczorek, Yeates Conwell, and Xin Ming Tu. 2011. Psychological strains and youth suicide in rural China. Social intuition & Medicine 722003-2010. Zhang, Jie. 2000. Gender differences in athletic performance and their